Proyecto de una aplicación HEMS para la gestión de energía de hogares con generación de energía fotovoltaica situados en Ecuador

Este documento representa la memoria del Trabajo de Fin de Máster del programa de estudio Master Universitario en Ingeniería de Sistemas Automáticos y Electrónica Industrial, de la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya (UPC). El presente proyecto trata sobre el diseño y desarrollo de una aplicación multiplataforma, para la gestión de la energía eléctrica consumida en los hogares, incluyendo generación de energía fotovoltaica. En los primeros capítulos se puede encontrar la parte introductoria donde se detallan los objetivos y especificaciones del estudio, además del alcance establecido. También, en esta sección se presenta el estado del arte, que incluye un análisis completo de la gestión de energía en los hogares en la actualidad, considerando investigaciones científicas publicadas en relación a este tema. Luego, se realiza el análisis y selección de las herramientas necesarias para poder desarrollar la aplicación considerando aspectos tanto técnicos como económicos. Una vez definidas las especificaciones y herramientas necesarias para la elaboración de la aplicación, se presenta el desarrollo de cada componente del sistema empezando por el diseño del sistema de generación fotovoltaica, seguido por el modelamiento matemático del sistema hasta llegar al desarrollo del algoritmo que genera cronogramas de funcionamiento óptimo para los artefactos automáticos del hogar. Finalmente, se presenta la aplicación multiplataforma desarrollada y su interfaz de usuario. Se detallan sus principales funcionalidades y como el usuario puede gestionar su propia instalación. Asimismo, se presentan las herramientas de análisis de las curvas que se generan gracias a los cronogramas de optimizació

Fabricación y caracterización de materiales compuestos de alto rendimiento medioambiental derivados de resinas ecológicas y refuerzos de fibras naturales y estructuras híbridas

Tesis por compendio[ES] Es evidente cómo el aumento de la concienciación medioambiental respecto al uso de materiales poliméricos de origen petroquímico o plásticos de un único uso ha cambiado por completo el panorama de los materiales poliméricos, desde el punto de vista de su concepción o de su uso. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral se ha abarcado varias alternativas con el fin de obtener materiales nuevos, que no tengan solo un bajo impacto ambiental, sino también que posean propiedades competitivas al compararlos con materiales convencionales, además de que su elaboración no conlleve un cambio drástico con respecto a las tecnologías existentes en la actualidad. Es por eso por lo que el objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevos materiales con un alto rendimiento medioambiental a partir de matrices termoplásticas como el poli(ácido láctico) (PLA) y matrices termoestables como resinas epoxi con un contenido parcial o total de origen natural. Además del uso de rellenos y fibras de origen natural.[CA] És evident com l'augment de la conscienciació mediambiental respecte a l'ús de materials polimèrics d'origen petroquímic o plàstics d'un únic ús ha canviat per complet el panorama dels materials polimèrics, des del punt de vista de la seua concepció o del seu ús. Durant el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi doctoral s'han tingut en compte diverses alternatives amb la finalitat d'obtindre materials nous, que no tinguen només un baix impacte ambiental, sinó també que posseïsquen propietats competitives en comparar-los amb materials convencionals, a més de que la seua elaboració no comporte un canvi dràstic respecte a les tecnologies existents en l'actualitat. És per això, per la qual cosa l'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en el desenvolupament i caracterització de nous materials amb un alt rendiment mediambiental a partir de matrius termoplàstiques com el àcid polilàctic (PLA) i matrius termoestables com a resines epoxi amb un contingut parcial o total d'origen natural. A més de l'ús de reforços i fibres d'origen natural.[EN] It is remarkable how the increase in environmental awareness regarding the use of polymeric materials of petrochemical origin or single-use plastics has completely changed the scenario of polymeric materials development and use. This doctoral thesis has proposed several alternatives in order to obtain new materials with low environmental impact and competitive properties to conventional materials. In addition to the fact that their elaboration does not entail a drastic change respect to existing technologies. Therefore, the main objective of this doctoral thesis focuses on developing and characterizing new materials with a high environmental performance from thermoplastic matrices such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and thermosetting matrices such as epoxy resins with a partial or total content of natural origin. In addition to the use of fillers and fibers of natural origin.This research work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) project numbers RTI2018-097249-B-C21 and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. D.L. thanks Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) for the grant received through the PAID-01-18 program.Lascano Aimacaña, DS. (2022). Fabricación y caracterización de materiales compuestos de alto rendimiento medioambiental derivados de resinas ecológicas y refuerzos de fibras naturales y estructuras híbridas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185886TESISCompendi

Evaluación de Tecnologías UTM (Unified Threatment Management) y NGFW (Next Generation Firewall) para detección de vulnerabilidades en la red.

Las técnicas de ataques mediante vulnerabilidades de red han mantenido una evolución constante, por lo que es necesario la identificación y protección de intrusiones para evitar un posible riesgo de la información y la caída de servicios que repercuten en la atención a pacientes de hospitalización, emergencia y consulta externa. Se han desarrollado tecnologías para un mejor aseguramiento de la red como son los servidores UTM (Unified Threatment Management) y NGFW (Next Generation Firewall), que ofrecen un conjunto de herramientas para la protección de una red. En la investigación se propone determinar la mejor opción para la detección y protección de vulnerabilidades entre estas dos tecnologías. Se implementan los escenarios en la red y se realizan pruebas para medir los indicadores propuestos. Se determinan valores para: productividad, utilización, disponibilidad, tiempo de respuesta, exactitud. Se toman muestras a las mismas horas del día de cada escenario, se establecen pruebas estadísticas de acuerdo a la investigación y el número de datos; se aplica la distribución t de student con Shapiro-Wilk para comprobación de hipótesis, se plantea un Diagrama de Likert para evaluar de manera cualitativa las variables y se obtienen los indicadores: Productividad Servidor de Red 0% VS NGFW 77% VS UTM 65%, Utilización Servidor de Red 56% VS NGFW 69% VS UTM 58%, Tiempo de Respuesta Servidor de Red -141% VS NGFW 90% VS UTM 70%; en los indicadores de Disponibilidad y Exactitud las dos tecnologías mantienen un valor en el rango muy bueno, sobre un rango de muy deficiente del Servidor del Hospital Ambato. Esto permite determinar la mejora en la disponibilidad de la red con la aplicación de las tecnologías propuestas. Se determina además que de las tecnologías aplicadas el Next Generation Firewall ofrece mejores prestaciones, por lo cual se establece una guía para su implementación en escenarios similares.Attack techniques through network vulnerabilities have maintained a costly evolution, so it is necessary to identify and protect intrusions to avoid a possible risk of information and the fall of services that have an impact on hospitalization, emergency, and hospitalization. External consultation technologies have been developed for better network security such as UTM (Unified Treatment Management) and NGFW (Next-Generation Firewall) servers, which offer a set of tools for the protection of a network. In the investigation, it is proposed to determine the best option for the detection and protection of vulnerabilities between these two technologies. The scenarios are implemented in the network, and tests are carried out to measure the proposed indicators. Values are determined for productivity, utilization, availability, response time, accuracy. Samples are taken at the same times the day of each scenario, statistical tests are established according to the investigation, and the data number. The student t distribution with Shapiro-Wilk is applied for hypothesis testing, a Likert Diagram is proposed to evaluate the variables qualitatively, and the indicators are obtained: Network Server Productivity 0% VS NGFW 77% VS UTM 65%, Use Network Server 56% VS NGFW 69% VS UTM 58%, Response Time Network Server -141% VS NGFW 90% VS UTM 70%; In the Availability and Accuracy indicators the two technologies maintain an outstanding value, over an inferior range of the Ambato Hospital Server. This allows us to determine the improvement in the availability of the network using the application of the proposed technologies. It is also determined that of the techniques applied, the Next Generation Firewall offers better performance, so a guide is established for its implementation in similar scenarios

Optimization of the Loading of an Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizer Derived from Linseed Oil in Poly(Lactic Acid)/Diatomaceous Earth Composites

[EN] Maleinized linseed oil (MLO) has been successfully used as biobased compatibilizer in polyester blends. Its effciency as compatibilizer in polymer composites with organic and inorganic fillers, compared to other traditional fillers, has also been proved. The goal of this work is to optimize the amount of MLO on poly(lactic acid)/diatomaceous earth (PLA/DE) composites to open new potential to these materials in the active packaging industry without compromising the environmental effciency of these composites. The amount of DE remains constant at 10 wt% and MLO varies from 1 to 15 phr (weight parts of MLO per 100 g of PLA/DE composite). The e ect of MLO on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and morphological properties is described in this work. The obtained results show a clear embrittlement of the uncompatibilized PLA/DE composites, which is progressively reduced by the addition of MLO. MLO shows good miscibility at low concentrations (lower than 5 phr) while above 5 phr, a clear phase separation phenomenon can be detected, with the formation of rounded microvoids and shapes which have a positive e ect on impact strength.This research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) project number MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo is recipient of a FPU grant (FPU15/03812) from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD). D. Lascano acknowledges UPV for the grant received though the PAID-01-18 program. N. Montanes acknowledges the project "Development and production of new material from revalued industrial wastes for technological sector applications" for partially funding this research.Gonzalez, L.; Agüero, Á.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Lascano-Aimacaña, DS.; Montanes, N. (2019). Optimization of the Loading of an Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizer Derived from Linseed Oil in Poly(Lactic Acid)/Diatomaceous Earth Composites. Materials. 12(10):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12101627S115121

Manufacturing and Characterization of Functionalized Aliphatic Polyester from Poly(lactic acid) with Halloysite Nanotubes

[EN] This work reports the potential of poly(lactic acid)-PLA composites with different halloysite nanotube (HNTs) loading (3, 6 and 9 wt%) for further uses in advanced applications as HNTs could be used as carriers for active compounds for medicine, packaging and other sectors. This work focuses on the effect of HNTs on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and degradation of PLA composites with HNTs. These composites can be manufactured by conventional extrusion-compounding followed by injection molding. The obtained results indicate a slight decrease in tensile and flexural strength as well as in elongation at break, both properties related to material cohesion. On the contrary, the stiffness increases with the HNTs content. The tensile strength and modulus change from 64.6 MPa/2.1 GPa (neat PLA) to 57.7/2.3 GPa MPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. The elongation at break decreases from 6.1% (neat PLA) down to a half for composites with 9 wt% HNTs. Regarding flexural properties, the flexural strength and modulus change from 116.1 MPa and 3.6 GPa respectively for neat PLA to values of 107.6 MPa and 3.9 GPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. HNTs do not affect the glass transition temperature with invariable values of about 64 degrees C, or the melt peak temperature, while they move the cold crystallization process towards lower values, from 112.4 degrees C for neat PLA down to 105.4 degrees C for the composite containing 9 wt% HNTs. The water uptake has been assessed to study the influence of HNTs on the water saturation. HNTs contribute to increased hydrophilicity with a change in the asymptotic water uptake from 0.95% (neat PLA) up to 1.67% (PLA with 9 wt % HNTs) and the effect of HNTs on disintegration in controlled compost soil has been carried out to see the influence of HNTs on this process, which is a slight delay on it. These PLA-HNT composites show good balanced properties and could represent an interesting solution to develop active materials.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) through the MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R program number. D. Lascano wants to thank UPV for the grant received though the PAID-01-18 program. Microscopy services at UPV are acknowledged for their help in collecting and analyzing FESEM images.Montava-Jorda, S.; Chacon, V.; Lascano-Aimacaña, DS.; Sanchez-Nacher, L.; Montanes, N. (2019). Manufacturing and Characterization of Functionalized Aliphatic Polyester from Poly(lactic acid) with Halloysite Nanotubes. Polymers. 11(8):1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081314S121118Andreeßen, C., & Steinbüchel, A. (2018). Recent developments in non-biodegradable biopolymers: Precursors, production processes, and future perspectives. 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M., Ripoll, L., Hidalgo, M., Lopez-Martinez, J., & Balart, R. (2017). Characterization of selectively etched halloysite nanotubes by acid treatment. Applied Surface Science, 422, 616-625. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.104Venkatesh, C., Clear, O., Major, I., Lyons, J. G., & Devine, D. M. (2019). Faster Release of Lumen-Loaded Drugs than Matrix-Loaded Equivalent in Polylactic Acid/Halloysite Nanotubes. Materials, 12(11), 1830. doi:10.3390/ma12111830Pluta, M., Bojda, J., Piorkowska, E., Murariu, M., Bonnaud, L., & Dubois, P. (2017). The effect of halloysite nanotubes and N,N′-ethylenebis (stearamide) on morphology and properties of polylactide nanocomposites with crystalline matrix. Polymer Testing, 64, 83-91. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.09.013Yin, X., Wang, L., Li, S., He, G., & Yang, Z. (2017). Effects of surface modification of halloysite nanotubes on the morphology and the thermal and rheological properties of polypropylene/halloysite composites. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 38(2), 119-127. doi:10.1515/polyeng-2017-0025Padhi, S., Achary, P. G. R., & Nayak, N. C. (2017). Mechanical and morphological properties of modified halloysite nanotube filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 38(3), 271-279. doi:10.1515/polyeng-2017-0075Gorrasi, G., Bugatti, V., Ussia, M., Mendichi, R., Zampino, D., Puglisi, C., & Carroccio, S. C. (2018). Halloysite nanotubes and thymol as photo protectors of biobased polyamide 11. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 152, 43-51. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.015Massaro, M., Cavallaro, G., Colletti, C. G., D’Azzo, G., Guernelli, S., Lazzara, G., … Riela, S. (2018). Halloysite nanotubes for efficient loading, stabilization and controlled release of insulin. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 524, 156-164. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.025Sikora, J. W., Gajdoš, I., & Puszka, A. (2019). Polyethylene-Matrix Composites with Halloysite Nanotubes with Enhanced Physical/Thermal Properties. Polymers, 11(5), 787. doi:10.3390/polym11050787Therias, S., Murariu, M., & Dubois, P. (2017). Bionanocomposites based on PLA and halloysite nanotubes: From key properties to photooxidative degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 145, 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.008Saeidlou, S., Huneault, M. A., Li, H., & Park, C. B. (2012). Poly(lactic acid) crystallization. Progress in Polymer Science, 37(12), 1657-1677. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.005Ke, T., & Sun, X. (2001). Effects of moisture content and heat treatment on the physical properties of starch and poly(lactic acid) blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81(12), 3069-3082. doi:10.1002/app.1758Fischer, E. W., Sterzel, H. J., & Wegner, G. (1973). Investigation of the structure of solution grown crystals of lactide copolymers by means of chemical reactions. Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere, 251(11), 980-990. doi:10.1007/bf01498927Li, Y., Venkateshan, K., & Sun, X. S. (2010). Mechanical and thermal properties, morphology and relaxation characteristics of poly(lactic acid) and soy flour/wood flour blends. Polymer International, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/pi.2834Russo, P., Cammarano, S., Bilotti, E., Peijs, T., Cerruti, P., & Acierno, D. (2013). Physical properties of poly lactic acid/clay nanocomposite films: Effect of filler content and annealing treatment. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(2), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/app.39798Prashantha, K., Lecouvet, B., Sclavons, M., Lacrampe, M. F., & Krawczak, P. (2012). Poly(lactic acid)/halloysite nanotubes nanocomposites: Structure, thermal, and mechanical properties as a function of halloysite treatment. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/app.38358De Silva, R. T., Soheilmoghaddam, M., Goh, K. L., Wahit, M. U., Bee, S. A. H., Chai, S.-P., & Pasbakhsh, P. (2014). 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Halloysite nanotube reinforced polylactic acid composite. Polymer Composite

Optimization of the Curing and Post-Curing Conditions for the Manufacturing of Partially Bio-Based Epoxy Resins with Improved Toughness

[EN] This research deals with the influence of different curing and post-curing temperatures on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties as well as the gel time of an epoxy resin prepared by the reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with an amine hardener and a reactive diluent derived from plants at 31 wt %. The highest performance was obtained for the resins cured at moderate-to-high temperatures, that is, 80 degrees C and 90 degrees C, which additionally showed a significant reduction in the gel time. This effect was ascribed to the formation of a stronger polymer network by an extended cross-linking process of the polymer chains during the resin manufacturing. Furthermore, post-curing at either 125 degrees C or 150 degrees C yielded thermosets with higher mechanical strength and, more interestingly, improved toughness, particularly for the samples previously cured at moderate temperatures. In particular, the partially bio-based epoxy resin cured at 80 degrees C and post-cured at 150 degrees C for 1 h and 30 min, respectively, showed the most balanced performance due to the formation of a more homogeneous cross-linked structure.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) through the MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R program number. D.L. acknowledges Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) for the grant received through the PAID-01-18 program. L.Q.-C. wants to thank the Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812). S.T.-G. is a recipient of a Juan de la Cierva¿Incorporación contract (IJCI-2016-29675) from MICIU.Lascano-Aimacaña, DS.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Torres-Giner, S.; Boronat, T.; Montanes, N. (2019). Optimization of the Curing and Post-Curing Conditions for the Manufacturing of Partially Bio-Based Epoxy Resins with Improved Toughness. Polymers. 11(8):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081354S115118Jin, F.-L., Li, X., & Park, S.-J. (2015). Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 29, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.026Yu, S., Li, X., Guo, X., Li, Z., & Zou, M. (2019). Curing and Characteristics of N,N,N′,N′-Tetraepoxypropyl-4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane Epoxy Resin-Based Buoyancy Material. Polymers, 11(7), 1137. doi:10.3390/polym11071137Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, K., & Alcock, J. R. (2007). Epoxy-Based Fibre Reinforced Nanocomposites. Advanced Engineering Materials, 9(10), 835-847. doi:10.1002/adem.200700118Holbery, J., & Houston, D. (2006). Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications. JOM, 58(11), 80-86. doi:10.1007/s11837-006-0234-2Jin, N. J., Seung, I., Choi, Y. S., & Yeon, J. (2017). Prediction of early-age compressive strength of epoxy resin concrete using the maturity method. Construction and Building Materials, 152, 990-998. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.066Yin, Y.-B., Yang, Q.-S., Wang, S.-L., Gao, H.-D., He, Y.-W., & Li, X.-L. (2019). Formation of CO2 bubbles in epoxy resin coatings: A DFT study. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 86, 192-198. doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.10.018Jin, F.-L., & Park, S.-J. (2008). Thermomechanical behavior of epoxy resins modified with epoxidized vegetable oils. Polymer International, 57(4), 577-583. doi:10.1002/pi.2280Kim, Kim, Hwang, & Kim. (2019). Embedded Based Real-Time Monitoring in the High-Pressure Resin Transfer Molding Process for CFRP. Applied Sciences, 9(9), 1795. doi:10.3390/app9091795Rudawska, A. (2019). The Impact of the Seasoning Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Modified and Unmodified Epoxy Adhesive Compounds. Polymers, 11(5), 804. doi:10.3390/polym11050804Enns, J. B., & Gillham, J. K. (1983). Effect of the extent of cure on the modulus, glass transition, water absorptio, and density of an amine-cured epoxy. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 28(9), 2831-2846. doi:10.1002/app.1983.070280914Ivankovic, M., Incarnato, L., Kenny, J. M., & Nicolais, L. (2003). Curing kinetics and chemorheology of epoxy/anhydride system. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 90(11), 3012-3019. doi:10.1002/app.12976Zilg, C., Mülhaupt, R., & Finter, J. (1999). Morphology and toughness/stiffness balance of nanocomposites based upon anhydride-cured epoxy resins and layered silicates. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 200(3), 661-670. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3935(19990301)200:33.0.co;2-4Zheng, T., Wang, X., Lu, C., Zhang, X., Ji, Y., Bai, C., … Qiao, Y. (2019). Studies on Curing Kinetics and Tensile Properties of Silica-Filled Phenolic Amine/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposite. Polymers, 11(4), 680. doi:10.3390/polym11040680Guermazi, N., Haddar, N., Elleuch, K., & Ayedi, H. F. (2014). Investigations on the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and hybrid composites used in the reinforcement and the repair of aeronautic structures. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 56, 714-724. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.043Park, S.-J., Seo, M.-K., & Lee, J.-R. (2000). Isothermal cure kinetics of epoxy/phenol-novolac resin blend system initiated by cationic latent thermal catalyst. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 38(16), 2945-2956. doi:10.1002/1099-0518(20000815)38:163.0.co;2-6Mostovoy, S., & Ripling, E. J. (1966). Fracture toughness of an epoxy system. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 10(9), 1351-1371. doi:10.1002/app.1966.070100913Fu, K., Xie, Q., LÜ, F., Duan, Q., Wang, X., Zhu, Q., & Huang, Z. (2019). Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Studies on the Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin with Different Anhydride Curing Agents. Polymers, 11(6), 975. doi:10.3390/polym11060975Kenyon, A. S., & Nielsen, L. E. 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On the use of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil as a reactive compatibilizer in injection-molded compostable pieces consisting of polylactide filled with orange peel flour. Polymer International, 67(10), 1341-1351. doi:10.1002/pi.5588Torres-Giner, S., Montanes, N., Fenollar, O., García-Sanoguera, D., & Balart, R. (2016). Development and optimization of renewable vinyl plastisol/wood flour composites exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Materials & Design, 108, 648-658. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.037Khot, S. N., Lascala, J. J., Can, E., Morye, S. S., Williams, G. I., Palmese, G. R., … Wool, R. P. (2001). Development and application of triglyceride-based polymers and composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 82(3), 703-723. doi:10.1002/app.1897Jaillet, F., Desroches, M., Auvergne, R., Boutevin, B., & Caillol, S. (2013). New biobased carboxylic acid hardeners for epoxy resins. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 115(6), 698-708. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201200363Stemmelen, M., Lapinte, V., Habas, J.-P., & Robin, J.-J. (2015). Plant oil-based epoxy resins from fatty diamines and epoxidized vegetable oil. European Polymer Journal, 68, 536-545. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.062Pethrick, R. A., Hollins, E. A., McEwan, I., Pollock, E. A., Hayward, D., & Johncock, P. (1996). Effect of Cure Temperature on the Structure and Water Absorption of Epoxy/Amine Thermosets. Polymer International, 39(4), 275-288. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199604)39:43.0.co;2-iBarton, J. M., Hamerton, I., Howlin, B. J., Jones, J. R., & Liu, S. (1998). Studies of cure schedule and final property relationships of a commercial epoxy resin using modified imidazole curing agents. Polymer, 39(10), 1929-1937. doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00372-8Kotnarowska, D. (1999). Influence of ultraviolet radiation and aggressive media on epoxy coating degradation. 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Valorization of Linen Processing By-Products for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with Improved Performance

[EN] This work reports the development and characterization of green composites based on polylactide (PLA) containing fillers and additives obtained from by-products or waste-streams from the linen processing industry. Flaxseed flour (FSF) was first produced by the mechanical milling of golden flaxseeds. The resultant FSF particles were melt-compounded at 30 wt% with PLA in a twin-screw extruder. Two multi-functionalized oils derived from linseed, namely epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and maleinized linseed oil (MLO), were also incorporated during melt mixing at 2.5 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of composite. The melt-compounded pellets were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding and characterized. Results showed that the addition of both multi-functionalized linseed oils successfully increased ductility, toughness, and thermal stability of the green composite pieces whereas water diffusion was reduced. The improvement achieved was related to both a plasticizing effect and, more interestingly, an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion between the biopolymer and the lignocellulosic particles by the reactive vegetable oils. The most optimal performance was attained for the MLO-containing green composite pieces, even at the lowest content, which was ascribed to the higher solubility of MLO with the PLA matrix. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the potential use of by-products or waste from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) to obtain renewable raw materials of suitable quality to develop green composites with high performance for market applications such as rigid food packaging and food-contact disposable articles in the frame of the Circular Economy and Bioeconomy.This research work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) project numbers RTI2018-097249-B-C21 and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R.Agüero, Á.; Lascano-Aimacaña, DS.; Garcia-Sanoguera, D.; Fenollar, O.; Torres Giner, S. (2020). Valorization of Linen Processing By-Products for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with Improved Performance. Sustainability. 12(2):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020652S124122Fritsch, C., Staebler, A., Happel, A., Cubero Márquez, M., Aguiló-Aguayo, I., Abadias, M., … Belotti, G. (2017). Processing, Valorization and Application of Bio-Waste Derived Compounds from Potato, Tomato, Olive and Cereals: A Review. Sustainability, 9(8), 1492. doi:10.3390/su9081492Bajpai, P. K., Singh, I., & Madaan, J. (2012). Development and characterization of PLA-based green composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 27(1), 52-81. doi:10.1177/0892705712439571Madhavan Nampoothiri, K., Nair, N. R., & John, R. P. (2010). An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8493-8501. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.092Saheb, D. N., & Jog, J. P. (1999). Natural fiber polymer composites: A review. Advances in Polymer Technology, 18(4), 351-363. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2329(199924)18:43.0.co;2-xNdazi, B. S., & Karlsson, S. (2011). Characterization of hydrolytic degradation of polylactic acid/rice hulls composites in water at different temperatures. Express Polymer Letters, 5(2), 119-131. doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.13Yussuf, A. A., Massoumi, I., & Hassan, A. (2010). Comparison of Polylactic Acid/Kenaf and Polylactic Acid/Rise Husk Composites: The Influence of the Natural Fibers on the Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradability Properties. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 18(3), 422-429. doi:10.1007/s10924-010-0185-0Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu, A., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour. Composites Part B: Engineering, 147, 76-85. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.017Montava-Jordà, S., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Richart, N., Torres-Giner, S., & Montanes, N. (2019). Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion of Polylactide/Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Walnut Shell Flour Composites by Reactive Extrusion with Maleinized Linseed Oil. Polymers, 11(5), 758. doi:10.3390/polym11050758Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu, A., Jordá-Vilaplana, A., Balart, R., & Garcia-Sanoguera, D. (2016). Development and characterization of green composites from bio-based polyethylene and peanut shell. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(37). doi:10.1002/app.43940Torres-Giner, S., Hilliou, L., Melendez-Rodriguez, B., Figueroa-Lopez, K. J., Madalena, D., Cabedo, L., … Lagaron, J. M. (2018). Melt processability, characterization, and antibacterial activity of compression-molded green composite sheets made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) reinforced with coconut fibers impregnated with oregano essential oil. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 17, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.05.002Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Lagaron, J. M., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). 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Control de un cuadricóptero teleoperado con manipulador incorporado para el movimiento de objetos.

There are physical risk environments where activities are required to be carried out remotely in order to safeguard the safety of people, so that the technology made available is used, the main tools used as a replacement for the children. robots. This technical titling project aims to implement a teleoperated aerial vehicle with built-in manipulator, the hybrid architecture quadcopter uses two electronic control modules, the first is a CC3D Revolution flight controller that has several sensors such as barometer, altimeter, gyroscope, necessary to maintain the speed of the aerial vehicle during the maneuvers and the second in an Arduino Pro Mini module that is responsible for controlling the movements of the servomotors that are part of the manipulator of 3 degrees of freedom. System verification tests were performed in an outdoor environment where it was found that the quadcopter require 75% acceleration for takeoff due to excess weight, which implied the lack of maneuverability during the flight. To correct the problem, the weight of the system is reduced by 27% when the battery is removed, to perform more exhaustive flight tests in a closed environment, the takeoff was achieved with 50% of the acceleration, when an immediate response was obtained at the rhythm of external stimuli correcting their position and inclination to maintain speed during the movement of objects from 3 positions at different heights.Existen entornos físicos de riesgo donde se requiere que las actividades se las realice de modo remoto con el fin de precautelar la seguridad de las personas, para ello se hace uso de la tecnología puesta a disposición, las principales herramientas utilizadas como reemplazo a las personas son los robots. Este proyecto técnico de titulación tiene como objetivo implementar un vehículo aéreo teleoperado con manipulador incorporado, el cuadricóptero de arquitectura híbrida utiliza dos módulos electrónicos de control; el primero es un controlador de vuelo CC3D Revolution que dispone de varios sensores como barómetro, altímetro, giroscopio, necesarios para mantener la estabilidad del vehículo aéreo durante las maniobras; y, el segundo es un módulo Arduino Pro Mini que se encarga de controlar los movimientos de los servomotores que forman parte del manipulador de 3 grados de libertad. Se realizaron las pruebas de verificación del sistema híbrido en un entorno al aire libre donde se pudo comprobar que el cuadricóptero requiere del 75% de aceleración para el despegue a causa del exceso de peso, lo cual incidió en la falta de maniobrabilidad durante el vuelo. Para corregir dicho problema se redujo el peso del sistema en un 27% al remover la batería, realizando pruebas de vuelo más exhaustivas en un entorno cerrado se logró el despegue con el 50% de aceleración donde se obtuvo una respuesta inmediata al desplazamiento y a los estímulos externos corrigiendo su posición e inclinación para mantener la estabilidad durante el traslado de objetos desde 3 posiciones a diferentes alturas

Instalación y Montaje de un Banco de Pruebas de Caudal, para el Laboratorio de Instrumentación de la FACULTAD DE MECÁNICA

Se ha construido e instalado un Banco de Pruebas de Caudal, para el laboratorio de Instrumentación de la Facultad de Mecánica con el propósito de comprender la teoría con la práctica a través del Laboratorio. Con los instrumentos de caudal adquiridos por la Facultad de Mecánica, se realizó el análisis de cada uno de los catálogos de los instrumentos para conocer el principio de operación, especificaciones, instalación, instrucciones de operaciones, mantenimiento y resolución de problemas. Conocidas sus características fue necesario generar caudal volumétrico y másico, para tener estos tipos de caudal se procedió a la instalación de sistemas de aire y agua, estos sistemas se han instalado en una estructura al igual de los equipos e instrumentos. Como resultado de la construcción e instalación se obtuvo un Banco de Pruebas de Caudal en el que se realizó diagramas de procesos e instrumentos y principio de funcionamiento del instrumento y objetivos específicos como conocer ventajas y desventajas, programar y operar al instrumento con la ayuda de la Guía de Laboratorio y de Mantenimiento. Estas Guías ayudarán al profesor guía o asistente al desarrollo de estos laboratorios y a mantener en correctas condiciones de funcionamiento del banco. Este Banco ayuda a entender los fenómenos físicos que produce al medir la variable caudal de un fluido; se recomienda al estudiante leer la Guía de Laboratorio y la de Mantenimiento para realizar los laboratorios

Manufacturing and Characterization of Hybrid Composites with Basalt and Flax Fabrics and a Partially Bio-based Epoxy Resin

[EN] This research is focused on manufacturing and characterization of hybrid composite laminates obtained different stacking sequences of basalt and flax fabrics with silane treatments embedded in a partially bio-sourced epoxy resin as matrix. They were manufactured by the vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding and mechanical properties were tested in tensile, flexural and impact conditions. The effect of the coupling agent on the fiber/matrix interface was studied by FESEM. The effect of temperature on mechanical properties was evaluated by DMTA and TMA. FESEM images revealed improved fiber/matrix interactions with silane treatment, having a more satisfactory effect on basalt fibers than on flax fibers because of its silica-based structure, leading to improved mechanical properties. It is worthy to note that the hybrid stacking sequence has no remarkable influence on the elongation at break. On the contrary, the hybrid stacking sequence offered a great influence on both the elastic modulus and the tensile strength.This research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MICINN) project number MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. D. Lascano wants to thank UPV for the grant received though the PAID-01-18 program. Microscopy services at UPV are acknowledged for their help in collecting and analyzing FESEM images.Lascano-Aimacaña, DS.; Balart, R.; Garcia-Sanoguera, D.; Agüero-Rodríguez, Á.; Boronat, T.; Montanes, N. (2021). Manufacturing and Characterization of Hybrid Composites with Basalt and Flax Fabrics and a Partially Bio-based Epoxy Resin. Fibers and Polymers. 22(3):751-763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-021-0209-5S751763223S. Yang, V. B. Chalivendra, and Y. K. Kim, Compos. Struct., 168, 120 (2017).R. Rahman and S. Z. F. S. 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